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Hemoglobin

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Hemoglobin  Principle Blood is mixed with an   acid  solution so tha t  hemoglobin   is converted to brown-colored acid hematin. This is then diluted with water till the brown color matches that of the brown glass standard. The hemoglobin value is read directly from the scale. Equipment (1) Sahli’s hemoglobinometer: This consists of Sahli’s graduated hemoglobin tube (marked in grams and percent) and a comparator with a brown glass standard. (2) Sahli’s pipette or hemoglobin pipette (marked at 20 μl or 0.02 ml). (3) Small glass rod (stirrer). (4) Dropping pipette. Reagents (1) N/10 hydrochloric acid (2) Distilled water Specimen:  EDTA-anticoagulated venous blood or blood obtained by skin puncture. Method (1) Place N/10 hydrochloric acid into Sahli’s graduated hemoglobin tube up to the mark of 2 grams. (2) Take blood sample in Sahli’s pipette exactly up to 20 μl mark. Blood adhering to the exterior of the pipette is wiped away using absorbent paper or
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lactometer

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What is Lactometer Lactometer, a cylindrical vessel made by blowing a glass tube. One side of glass tube looks like a bulb with filled by mercury and another site is thin tube with scaled. For milk testing lactometer dipped in milk which we are testing. In lactometer the point up to which it sinks in the pure milk is marked after that put in water and marked at the point up to which it sinks in water. It sinks less in milk then water because as we know milk is denser then water. At lactometer there are to portions i.e. ‘M ‘and ‘W’ which is divided in three parts and marked as 3, 2 and 1. That indicates the level of the purity in Milk. Here below some steps mentioned for milk testing – # Step 1-  Whenever you want to test the milk purity , you just put the instrument or lactometer in milk. # Step 2-  If it sinks up to the mark ‘M’ which mentioned at lactometer that means milk is pure or if not that means milk is impure. # Step 3-  If the milk is mixed in water then it woul
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Blood Group Test

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Blood Group Test  Blood typing procedure: 1. Mix! First mix the patient's blood with three different reagents including either of the three different antibodies, A, B or Rh antibodies! 2. Look for agglutination! Then you take a look at what has happened. In which mixtures has clumping, or agglutination, occurred? The agglutination indicates that the blood has reacted with a certain antibody and is therefore not compatible with blood containing that kind of antibody. If the blood does not agglutinate, it indicates that the blood does not have the antigens binding the special antibody in the reagent. 3. Figure out the ABO blood group! Start by taking a look at the test tubes containing A and B antibodies. Has the blood agglutinated in either of these two tubes? No agglutination in test tube A, indicates that the patient's red blood cells do not have A antigens. Agglutination in the tube containing B antibodies indicates that the patients' red blood
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